This book aims to provide the first comprehensive, multi‑year, systematic, quantitative assessment in the behavioral sciences of how well‑being changes over time in a small‑scale rural society of Indigenous People in the Global South.

Using data compiled by the Tsimane’ Amazonian Panel Study (2002–010) that monitored change in Tsimane’ communities, this book analyzes economic, social, and health changes in a farming and foraging society of native Amazonians in Bolivia. It uses multidisciplinary methods to follow the same individuals, households, and village through time and bring together three themes: well‑eing, economic inequalities, and the fate of Indigenous People in small‑cale rural societies of the Global South. It finds considerable material deprivation, high economic inequalities within Tsimane’ society, and declining standards of living over time It ends by asking “Is this evidence that people adjust to anything or are these the costs Tsimane’ pay to retain autonomy and follow a historical lifestyle?”

This book aims to provide a comprehensive approach to the measurement of well‑being and how to track its changes, providing a platform for future generations to gauge long‑term change. It will resonate with undergraduate and graduate students across the behavioral sciences, professional anthropologists who specialize in the Amazon or well‑being, development economists, and senior researchers who are part of the wave of emerging interest in doing research in small‑scale rural societies of the Global South.