Overview

This study is a historical analysis of the German special operations conducted in support of their overall Ardennes offensive. It focuses on the two major special operations of the German offensive, Operations “Greif” and “Stoesser”.

Operations Details

Operation Greif was the German attempt to infiltrate a commando unit behind American lines disguised as American soldiers. Operation Stoesser, the last German airborne operation of the war, was designed to secure a key cross-roads behind American lines.

Challenges and Outcomes

These special operations failed because of faulty planning, inadequate preparation, and a lack of coordination between the special and conventional forces. These problems, exacerbated by a lack of preparation time, resulted in a pair of ad-hoc units that were unable to accomplish their primary missions, although the operations were characterized by boldness, initiative, and improvisation.

Analysis and Lessons

This study also examines the strategic setting, planning, preparations, and conduct of these operations, as well as their impact on the overall campaign. It also explores the key lessons-learned that can be derived from both operations. Lastly, the study considers the implications of these lessons for the U.S. military of today.