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Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Introduction
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke is a work concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. It first appeared in 1689 (although dated 1690) with the printed title An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Locke describes the mind at birth as a blank slate (tabula rasa, although he did not use those actual words) filled later through experience.
Influence and Significance
The essay was one of the principal sources of empiricism in modern philosophy, and influenced many enlightenment philosophers, such as David Hume and George Berkeley.
Book I
Locke's Book I is an attempt to refute the rationalist notion of innate ideas.
Book II
Set out Locke's theory of ideas, including his distinction between passively acquired simple ideas—such as "red," "sweet," "round"—and actively built complex ideas, such as numbers, causes and effects, abstract ideas, ideas of substances, identity, and diversity. Locke also distinguishes between the truly existing primary qualities of bodies, like shape, motion, and the arrangement of minute particles, and the secondary qualities that are "powers to produce various sensations in us" such as "red" and "sweet". These secondary qualities, Locke claims, are dependent on the primary qualities. He also offers a theory of personal identity, emphasizing a largely psychological criterion.
Book III and Book IV
Book III is concerned with language, and Book IV with knowledge, including intuition, mathematics, moral philosophy, natural philosophy ("science"), faith, and opinion.
