Dalit is a self-designation for a South Asian group of people traditionally regarded as untouchables (outcastes) or of low caste. Dalits are a mixed population of numerous caste groups all over South Asia and speak various languages. It is impossible to differentiate between Dalits and the various other caste groups on the basis of phenotypes or genetics. The caste system is a social construct among South Asian people and has no genetic basis. While the caste system has been formally abolished under the Indian constitution, there is still discrimination and prejudice against Dalits in South Asia. Since independence, significant steps have been taken to provide opportunities in jobs and education. Other governments in South Asia such as Nepal and Bangladesh have also implemented policies to improve the living standards of their Dalit population. In the 21st century, Dalits have begun to assert political control in populous northern states of India such as Uttar Pradesh. The aim of this encyclopaedia is to highlight the physical, historical, social, political, economic, religious and cultural life of Indian Dalits.