This book, Christian Perspectives on the Role of the State, Justice, and Taxation, examines the historical and ongoing influence of Christian ethical thought on taxation, governance, and distributive justice. Building on themes introduced in Political Philosophy and Taxation (Springer, 2022), which focused on secular perspectives, this sequel shifts attention to the contributions of Christian thinkers from Medieval times to the present. The book explores key questions surrounding the role of the state, the relationship between the state and its subjects, the moral right to tax, and what constitutes fairness in taxation. It investigates how Christian ethical teachings have shaped Western political philosophy, particularly in the context of distributive justice, and evaluates their relevance in contemporary discussions. By analyzing the intersection of theology, ethics, and political philosophy, this book provides a deeper understanding of how Christian traditions have influenced historical notions of justice, fairness, and governance. It offers insights into how these principles can inform modern policy debates and ethical considerations in taxation. This book serves as a valuable resource for scholars, students, and professionals interested in religious ethics, political philosophy, and public policy. It invites readers to reflect on the enduring impact of Christian thought on concepts of justice and the responsibilities of the state.